Thursday, October 31, 2019

Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relation Essay

Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relation - Essay Example This is a case of acceptance by conduct. Acceptance need not necessarily be in writing. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball1, Miss Carlill demonstrated her acceptance of the offer by purchasing the smoke ball Another issue for determination is whether there was the intention by the parties to create a legally binding relationship. We will access the issue of promissory estoppels to access the existence of legal relationship between the parties. In England and Wales, Lord Denning interpreted promissory estoppels to be a promise that had been made by one party to another with the intention of creating legal relations2. The promise should be made with knowledge that it is going to be relied on by the other party. In the instance case, the bank approached Bubba with a promise to change the terms in the contract on how the loan was to be repaid following Bubba’s financial crisis. This promise was relied on by Bubba. The bank will therefore not be allowed to go back from it s promise. This is primarily owing to the fact that it had been acted upon by the recipient. After realizing that Bubba’s fortune had turned, the proposal to Bubba to revert to the old system of payment constituted an offer to Bubba which he was entitled to accept or reject. The bank now demands that Bubba should pay the lump sum for eight months as well as repay the loan within a period of three years as per the earlier agreement. The earlier agreement had been revoked upon the establishment of new terms by the bank that was accepted by Bubba. The facts in the high trees case, involved a situation at the beginning of Second World War where High Trees House had leased some flat in London from Central property. As a result of the war, occupancy rates drastically went down. The parties therefore made an agreement to cut down the rent that was payable by half. When the situation turned around after the war, Central London property sued for the full rent. The court held that they were entitled to full payment of rent. However, they could not recover the amount that they had agreed to cut down the rent by during the period of war Lord Denning based his decision in the previous case3 which held that if a party to a contract leads another person to believe that they will not enforce their legal rights, they cannot go back from this promise, especially if the other party had accepted the promise and altered his position in reliance on the promise. In the case of Smith v. Hughes4, the court held that for there to be a valid contract, there must be a meeting of the minds of two parties who intend to be legally bound. For there to be meeting of the minds, offeree must communicate his acceptance of the offer to the offeror. It is not necessary that acceptance should be communicated verbally. It can in some situations be inferred from the conduct of the parties. The court in the case of Brodgen v. Metropolitan Railway Company5 held that acceptance can be inferred fr om the conduct. In this case the plaintiff had been supplying the company with coals for some of years. The plaintiff thereafter came up with a suggestion that they needed to enter into a formal contract. Their respective agents met and engaged in some negotiations on the best agreement that they wanted to enter into. The company’s agent then drew up the contract which he sent to the plaintiff for approval. The court held that the company’s acceptance could be inferred from its conduct. By

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Organizations can achieve success only when their productions, its brand image, reach and in total its profit reaches the upper echelons. The organizations can achieve all these above mentioned objectives, when it has good and importantly quality products or services to offer, then effective distribution strategies, good expansion strategies and finally optimal Leadership. All these aspects, if formulated and implemented effectively can elevate any organization, but if these aspects are not put into operation, the survival and success of the organization will be doubtful. So, this paper will analyze how the organization of Thorntons implemented all these above mentioned aspects or strategies from its origin to the year 2000 and from 2000 to the present day Thorntons, the largest manufacturer and retailer of specialist chocolates in United Kingdom, was founded by Joseph Thornton in 1911. His two sons, Norman Thornton and Stanley Thornton started working in the shop and aided him in retailing, devising recipes, and in the manufacturing process. The combined work of the family members provided their business a good impetus. Good flow of customers increased their profits and also their visibility, so they named their business after their family name. To increase their range of chocolate products, Stanley and Norman Thornton visited Switzerland in 1953. There they intend to find a good chocolate maker, who could make original and tasty chocolates. They visited Basle School for Swiss Chocolatiers and there they found Walter Willen, a capable student who only created some of the original recipes for Thorntons’ Continental chocolates. The Continental chocolate is the product range that was to become the largest-selling specialist assor tment of chocolates in the UK. After functioning for more than half a century at Sheffield, Thorntons moved to a purpose built modern food and chocolate production facility at

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework Provision of Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework for Bigdata application Ms.S.Rengalakshmi,  Mr.S.Alaudeen Basha Abstract: The term big-data refers to the large-scale distributed data processing applications that operate on large amounts of data. MapReduce and Apache’s Hadoop of Google, are the essential software systems for big-data applications. A large amount of intermediate data are generated by MapReduce framework. After the completion of the task this abundant information is thrown away .So MapReduce is unable to utilize them. In this approach, we propose provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce framework along with the idea of data filter method for big-data applications. In provision of cache manager, tasks submit their intermediate results to the cache manager. A task checks the cache manager before executing the actual computing work. A cache description scheme and a cache request and reply protocol are designed. It is expected that provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce will improve the completion time of MapReduce jobs. Key words: big-data; MapReduce; Hadoop; Caching. I. Introduction With the evolution of information technology, enormous expanses of data have become increasingly obtainable at outstanding volumes. Amount of data being gathered today is so much that, 90% of the data in the world nowadays has been created in the last two years [1]. The Internet impart a resource for compiling extensive amounts of data, Such data have many sources including large business enterprises, social networking, social media, telecommunications, scientific activities, data from traditional sources like forms, surveys and government organizations, and research institutions [2]. The term Big Data refers to 3 v’s as volume, variety, velocity and veracity. This provides the functionalities of Apprehend, analysis, storage, sharing, transfer and visualization [3].For analyzing unstructured and structured data, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Mapreduce paradigm provides a Parallelization and distributed processing. Huge amount data is complex and difficult to process using on-hand database management tools, desktop statistics, database management systems or traditional data processing applications and visualization packages. The traditional method in data processing had only smaller amount of data and has very slow processing [4]. A big data might be petabytes (1,024 terabytes) or exabytes (1,024 petabytes) of data composed of billions to trillions of records of millions of people—all from different sources (e.g. Web, sales, customer center for communication, social media. The data is loosely structured and most of the data are not in a complete manner and not easily accessible[5]. The challenges include capturing of data, analysis for the requirement, searching the data, sharing, storage of data and privacy violations. The trend to larger data sets is due to the additional information derivable from analysis of a single large set of data which are related to one another, as matched to distinguish smaller sets with the same total density of data, expressing correlations to be found to identify business routines[10].Scientists regularly find constraints because of large data sets in areas, including meteorology, genomics. The limitations also affect Internet search, financial transactions and information related business trends. Data sets develop in size in fraction because they are increasingly accumulated by ubiquitous information-sensing devices relating mobility. The challenge for large enterprises is determining who should own big data initiatives that straddle the entire organization. MapReduce is useful in a wide range of applications,such as distributed pattern-based searching technique, sorting in a distributed system, web link-graph reversal, Singular Value Decomposition, web access log stats, index construction in an inverted manner, document clustering , machine learning, and machine translation in statistics. Moreover, the MapReduce model has been adapted to several computing environments. Googles index of the World Wide Web is regenerated using MapReduce. Early stages of ad hoc programs that updates the index and various analyses can be executedis replaced by MapReduce. Google has moved on to technologies such as Percolator, Flume and MillWheel that provides the operation of streaming and updates instead of batch processing, to allow integrating live search results without rebuilding the complete index. Stable input data and output results of MapReduce are stored in a distributed file system. The ephemeral data is stored on local disk and retrieved by the reducers remotely. In 2001,Big data defined by industry analyst Doug Laney (currently with Gartner) as the three Vs : namevolume, velocity and variety [11]. Big data can be characterized by well-known 3Vs: the extreme density of data, the various types of data and the swiftness at which the data must be processed. II. Literature survey Minimization of execution time in data processing of MapReduce jobs has been described by Abhishek Verma, Ludmila Cherkasova, Roy H. Campbell [6]. This is to buldge their MapReduce clusters utilization to reduce their cost and to optimize the Mapreduce jobs execution on the Cluster. Subset of production workloads developed by unstructured information that consists of MapReduce jobs without dependency and the order in which these jobs are performed can have good impact on their inclusive completion time and the cluster resource utilization is recognized. Application of the classic Johnson algorithm that was meant for developing an optimal two-stage job schedule for identifying the shortest path in directed weighted graph has been allowed. Performance of the constructed schedule via unquantifiable set of simulations over a various workloads and cluster-size dependent. L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard [7]: Based on append-only, partitioned datasets, many large-scale (cloud) computations will operate. In these circumstances, two incremental computation frameworks to reuse prior work in these can be shown: (1) reusing similar computations already performed on data partitions, and (2) computing just on the newly appended data and merging the new and previous results. Advantage: Similar Computation is used and partial results can be cached and reused. Machine learning algorithm on Hadoop at the core of data analysis, is described by Asha T, Shravanthi U.M, Nagashree N, Monika M [1] . Machine Learning Algorithms are recursive and sequential and the accuracy of Machine Learning Algorithms depend on size of the data where, considerable the data more accurate is the result. Reliable framework for Machine Learning is to work for bigdata has made these algorithms to disable their ability to reach the fullest possible. Machine Learning Algorithms need data to be stored in single place because of its recursive nature. MapRedure is the general and technique for parallel programming of a large class of machine learning algorithms for multicore processors. To achieve speedup in the multi-core system this is used. P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback [9] I_O parallelism can be exploited in two ways by Parallel disk systems namely inter-request and intra-request parallelism. There are some main issues in performance tuning of such systems.They are: striping and load balancing. Load balancing is performed by allocation and dynamic redistributions of the data when access patterns change. Our system uses simple but heuristics that incur only little overhead. D. Peng and F. Dabek [12] an index of the web is considered as documents can be crawled. It needs a continuous transformation of a large repository of existing documents when new documents arrive.Due to these tasks, databases do not meet the the requirements of storage or throughput of these tasks: Huge amount of data(in petabytes) can be stored by Google’s indexing system and processes billions of millions updates per day on wide number of machines. Small updates cannot be processed individually by MapReduce and other batch-processing systems because of their dependency on generating large batches for efficiency. By replacing a batch-based indexing system with an indexing system based on incremental processing using Percolator, we process the similar number of data documents averagely per day, happens during the reduction of the average age of documents in Google search which is resulted by 50%. Utilization of the big data application in Hadoop clouds is described by Weiyi Shang, Zhen Ming Jiang, Hadi Hemmati, Bram Adams, Ahmed E. Hassan, Patrick Martin[13]. To analyze huge parallel processing frameworks, Big Data Analytics Applications is used. These applications build up them using a little model of data in a pseudo-cloud environment. Afterwards, they arrange the applications in a largescale cloud situation with notably more processing organize and larger input data. Runtime analysis and debugging of such applications in the deployment stage cannot be easily addressed by usual monitoring and debugging approaches. This approach drastically reduces the verification effort when verifying the deployment of BDA Apps in the cloud. Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica [14] MapReduce and its variants have been highly successful in implementing large-scale data-intensive applications on clusters of commodity base. These systems are built around an model which is acyclic in data flow which is very less suitable for other applications. This paper focuses on one such class of applications: those that reuse a working set of data across multiple operations which is parallel. This encompasses many machine learning algorithms which are iterative. A framework cnamed Spark which ropes these applications and retains the scalability and tolerantes fault of MapReduce has been proposed. To achieve these goals, Spark introduces an abstraction called resilient distributed datasets (RDDs). An RDD is a read-only collection of objects which are partitioned across a set of machines. It can be rebuilt if a partition is lost. Spark is able to outperform Hadoop in iterative machine learning jobs and can be used to interactively query around and above 35 GB dataset with sub-second response time. This paper presents an approach cluster computing framework named Spark, which supports working sets while providing similar scalability and fault tolerance properties to MapReduce III. Proposed method An Objective of proposed System is to the underutilization of CPU processes, the growing importance of MapReduce performance and to establish an efficient data analysis framework for handling the large data Drift in the workloads from enterprise through the exploration of data handling mechanism like parallel database such as Hadoop. Figure 1: Provision of Cache Manager III.A.Provision of Dataset To Map Phase : Cache refers to the intermediate data that is produced by worker nodes/processes during the execution of a Map Reduce task. A piece of cached data is stored in a Distributed File System (DFS). The content of a cache item is described by the original data and the operations applied. A cache item is explained by a 2-tuple: Origin, Operation. The name of a file is denoted by Origin in the DFS. Linear list of available operations performed on the Origin file is denoted by Operaion. Example, consider in the word count application, each mapper node or process emits a list of word, counting tuples that record the count of each word in the file that the mapper processes. Cache manager stores this list to a file. This file becomes a cache item. Here, item refers to white-space-separated character strings. Note that the new line character is also considered as one of the whitespaces, so item precisely captures the word in a text file and item count directly corresponds to the word count operat ion performed on the data file. The input data are get selected by the user in the cloud. The input files are splitted. And then that is given as the input to the map phase. The input to the map phase are very important. These input are processed by the map phase. III.B.Analyze in Cache Manager: Mapper and reducer nodes/processes record cache items into their local storage space. On the completion of these operations , the cache items are directed towards the cache manager, which acts like an inter-mediator in the publish/subscribe model. Then recording of the description and the file name of the cache item in the DFS is performed by cache manager. The cache item should be placed on the same machine as the worker process that generates it. So data locality will be improved by this requirement. The cache manager maintains a copy of the mapping between the cache descriptions and the file names of the cache items in its main memory to accelerate queries. Permanently to avoid the data loss, it also flushes the mapping file into the disk periodically. Before beginning the processing of an input data file, the cache manager is contacted by a worker node/process. The file name and the operations are send by the worker process that it plans to apply to the file to the cache manager. Upon receiving this message, the cache manager compares it with the stored mapping data. If an exact match to a cache item is found, i.e., its origin is the same as the file name of the request and its operations are the same as the proposed operations that will be performed on the data file, then a reply containing the tentative description of the cache item is sent by the cache manager to the worker process.On receiving the tentative description,the worker node will fetch the cache item. For processing further, the worker has to send the file to the next-stage worker processes. The mapper has to inform the cache manager that it already processed the input file splits for this job. These results are then reported by the cache manager to the next phase reducers. If the cache service is not utilized by the reducers then the output in the map phase can be directly shuffled to form the input for the reducers. Otherwise, a more complex process is performed to get the required cache ite ms. If the proposed operations are different from the cache items in the manager’s records, there are situations where the origin of the cache item is the same as the requested file, and the operations of the cache item are a strict subset of the proposed operations. On applying some additional operations on the subset item, the item is obtained. This fact is the concept of a strict super set. For example, an item count operation is a strict subset operation of an item count followed by a selection operation. This fact means that if the system have a cache item for the first operation, then the selection operation can be included, that guarantees the correctness of the operation. To perform a previous operation on this new input data is troublesome in conventional MapReduce, because MapReduce does not have the tools for readily expressing such incremental operations. Either the operation has to be performed again on the new input data, or the developers of application need to manually cache the stored intermediate data and pick them up in the incremental processing. Application developers have the ability to express their intentions and operations by using cache description and to request intermediate results through the dispatching service of the cache manager.The request is transferred to the cache manager. The request is analyzed in the cache manager. If the data is present in the cache manager means then that is transferred to the map phase. If the data is not present in the cache manager means then there is no response to the map phase. IV.Conclusion Map reduce framework generates large amount of intermediate data. But, this framework is unable to use the intermediate data. This system stores the task intermediate data in the cache manager. It uses the intermediate data in the cache manager before executing the actual computing work.It can eliminate all the duplicate tasks in incremental Map Reduce jobs. V. Future work In the current system the data are not deleted at certain time period. It decreases the efficiency of the memory. The cache manager stores the intermediate files. In future, these intermediate files can be deleted based on time period will be proposed. New datasets can be saved. So the memory management of the proposed system can be highly improved. VI. References [1] Asha, T., U. M. Shravanthi, N. Nagashree, and M. Monika. Building Machine Learning Algorithms on Hadoop for Bigdata. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (2013). [2] Begoli, Edmon, and James Horey. Design Principles for Effective Knowledge Discovery from Big Data. In Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on, pp. 215-218. IEEE, 2012. [3] Zhang, Junbo, Jian-Syuan Wong, Tianrui Li, and Yi Pan. A comparison of parallel large-scale knowledge acquisition using rough set theory ondifferent MapReduce runtime systems. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning (2013) [4] Vaidya, Madhavi. Parallel Processing of cluster by Map Reduce. International Journal of Distributed Parallel Systems 3, no. 1 (2012). [5] Apache HBase. Available at http://hbase.apache.org [6] Verma, Abhishek, Ludmila Cherkasova, and R. Campbell. Orchestrating an Ensemble of MapReduce Jobs for Minimizing Their Makespan. (2013): 1-1. [7] L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard, Dryadinc:Reusing work in large-scale computations, in Proc. ofHotCloud’09, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2009 [8] T. Karagiannis, C. Gkantsidis, D. Narayanan, and A.Rowstron, Hermes: Clustering users in large-scale e-mailservices, in Proc. of SoCC ’10, New York, NY, USA, 2010. [9] P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback, Datapartitioning and load balancing in parallel disk systems,The VLDB Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48-66, 1998. [10] Parmeshwari P. Sabnis, Chaitali A.Laulkar , â€Å"SURVEY OF MAPREDUCE OPTIMIZATION METHODS†, ISSN (Print): 2319- 2526, Volume -3, Issue -1, 2014 [11] Puneet Singh Duggal ,Sanchita Paul ,â€Å" Big Data Analysis:Challenges and Solutions†, International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Trust 2013, Nov 13-15, RGPV [12] D. Peng and F. Dabek, Largescale incremental processingusing distributed transactions and notifications, in Proc. ofOSDI’ 2010, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010 [13] Shvachko, Konstantin, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, and Robert Chansler. The hadoop distributed file system. In Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on, pp. 1-10. IEEE, 2010. [14] â€Å"Spark: Cluster Computing withWorking Sets â€Å"Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica University of California, Berkeley

Friday, October 25, 2019

What’s Theory Got to Do With It? :: Movies Media Papers

This is not a book about film, contrary to its title, but a book about a way of seeing social and economic relationships differently. Film is just a convenient vehicle to use to pursue our analysis. It is an entry point, a doorway, into an understanding of the processes that have shaped and continue to shape the world (and remember that we are an integral aspect of the world, not separate from it). This process of shaping and being shaped by is what we call overdetermination. Overdetermination implies that no aspect of reality is insignificant in the shaping of any other aspect of reality. In other words, everything is significant: all processes (whether political, economic, cultural, or environmental) have an effect on all other processes. The dialectic of overdetermination is the dialectic of ceaseless change, of the constant pushes and pulls of the unique influences that come together to constitute each and every aspect of reality. Freud used the concept â€Å"overdetermination† in his analysis of dreams to refer to the way in which the content of dreams was not simplistically determined by a finite set of life-events, but was, rather, the product of the totality or gestalt of life experiences. The formation of our consciousness and unconsciousness is the culmination of the unique interaction of more social and natural conditions than could ever be named or identified. In other words, everything, absolutely everything that we have experienced in life has molded our consciousness and unconsciousness. Film is a medium through which ideas are communicated. Film is an illusion trying to mirror a specific reality or set of realities. Many of us grow up viewing film as a window from which to look out at the world and make sense of it. The images and stories projected into our minds help to form our consciousness about various social and natural relationships. The ideas transmitted through film become part of the knowledge base from which one understands the world. These ideas help form the consciousness as well as the unconsciousness of the individual, shaping her perception of not only herself, but of social relationships, in a more general sense. This is why it is so important to critically examine films. Ideas are transmitted in the blink of an eye, so to speak, instantaneously lodging themselves in the mind---oftentimes unexamined.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Swot: Shopping Mall and Similar Stalls

. SWOT Matrix |STRENGTHS |WEAKNESS | |FEATURES OF USB WATCH |MARKETING SERVICES AGENCIES | |As the USB watch has the USB the watch can also have an alarm and |As the product is new to the market it would be difficult to | |timer. increase the sales because people still don’t know about the | | |product and if they would accept the product. | |DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRODUCT |FORMS OF USB | |The product is not yet known to most of the people and making it |The product remains vulnerable to the possibility that innovation | |distributed in Alabang especially in Festival Mall and Alabang |may falter over time. |Town Center that are commonly known to them. The product can be | | |sold at CD-R King or any similar stalls. | | |FASHIONABLE WATCH | | |The USB watch has different styles and colors that make the wearer| | |stylish. | |OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS | |JOINT VENTURES OR STRATEGIC ALLIANCES |WEAK BRAND NAME | |Joining CD-R king and other similar stalls that allow the product|As a new in the industry in producing a USB watch competing with | |to be introduced in the market and knowing that they are easily |a known brand like Timex. |found on malls. | | |MATERIALS ARE RECYCLED |FAST CHANGING ENVIRONMENT | |If the product can be made through recycled parts of a computer |As the people are changing what they think would be needed in | |it could make our product in a cheaper cost. |making their life convenient and having many alternatives in the | | |form of USB like pens. | |FINANCIAL CRISIS | | |As the economy slows the purchasing power of people would decline| | |and they would prefer buying their primary need. |

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

AP language rhetorical terms list Essay

Look up the words and fill in the chart as best as you can. Some of the terms are review and some are new. We will use this list throughout the year so keep an updated copy with you in class. You may choose to make note cards for study but they are not required for a grade. Periodically, you will be quizzed on how well you know the terms by using in your writing and recognizing in text. Terms When do I use it? Define it Can I recognize it? Can I use it in my writing? ad hominen argument appealing to feelings or prejudices rather than intellect ad populum fallacious argument that concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it. allegory literary device The representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form. alliteration style The repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables allusion rhetoric device reference ambiguity tone Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards interpretation analogy Similarity of functions or properties; likeness antecedent grammar A preceding occurrence, cause, or event. antithesis opposite aphorism A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion; an adage apostrophe The direct address of an absent or imaginary person or of a personified abstraction, especially as a digression in the course of a speech or composition. attitude essay A state of mind or a feeling; disposition atmosphere A dominant intellectual or emotional environment or attitude begging the question type of informal fallacy in which an implicit premise would directly entail the conclusion; in other words, basing a conclusion on an assumption that is as much in need of proof or demonstration as the conclusion itself chiasmus A rhetorical inversion of the second of two parallel structures clause A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and forming part of a compound or complex sentence. colloquialism Characteristic of or appropriate to the spoken language or to writing that seeks the effect of speech; informal. conceit A favorable and especially unduly high opinion of one’s own abilities or worth. concrete detail Specific details that form the backbone or core of the body paragraphs. Synonyms for concrete details include facts, specifics, examples, descriptions, illustrations, support, proof, evidence, quotations, paraphrases, or plot references. connotation An idea or feeling that a word invokes person in addition to its literal or primary meaning denotation The action or process of indicating or referring to something by means of a word, symbol, etc descriptive detail devices A turn of phrase intended to produce a particular effect in speech or a literary work diction Word choice didactic ntended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive euphemism Mild expression in place of a severe one extended metaphor An extended metaphor, also called a conceit, is a metaphor that continues into the sentences that follow. It is often developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work, and are especially effective in poems and fiction. false analogy An informal fallacy applying to inductive arguments, in which the similarity in one respect of two concepts, objects, or events is taken as sufficient to establish that they are similar in another respect in which they actually are dissimilar figurative language Language that communicates ideas beyond the ordinary or literal meaning of the words. figure of speech A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. genre A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter hasty- over/ generalization A general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases homily genre type of sermon, serious talk, speech or lecture hyperbole exaggeration imagery Visually descriptive or figurative language, esp. in a literary work inference/ infer A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning invective diction Strong use of language used to attack irony/ironic The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect verbal Relating to or in the form of words situational A term denoting a tactic or combo that can only be used under certain circumstances and cannot be done in a neutral state where both characters are on the ground. dramatic Sudden or striking juxtaposition The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect language The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way loose sentence A loose sentence is a type of sentence in which the main idea is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases. metaphor in literature and rhetoric, an analogy between two objects or ideas, conveyed by using a word instead of another word metonymy Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated with that thing or concept. mood the affective setting of a piece of literature narrative A narrative (or story) is any account of connected events, presented to a reader or listener in a sequence of written or spoken words, or in a sequence of (moving) pictures. narrative devices Methods to help convey the message in the story narrative technique The methods involved in telling a story; the procedures used by a writer of stories or accounts. Narrative technique is a general term (like â€Å"devices,† or â€Å"resources of language†) that asks you to discuss the procedures used in the telling of a story. onomatopoeia the use of imitative and naturally suggestive words for rhetorical, dramatic, or poeticeffect. oxymoron a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictoryeffect, as in â€Å"cruel kindness† or â€Å"to make haste slowly. † paradox a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in realityexpresses a possible truth. parallelism Parallel comparison parody Mocking imitation pedantic tone Overly scholarly, academic, or bookish periodic sentence A periodic sentence is a sentence that is not grammatically complete until the final clause or phrase. Personification the attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstractnotions, especially as a rhetorical figure. persuasive devices Techniques the author uses to influence the way you feel persuasive essay Persuasive writing, known as creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader that the writer’s opinion is correct with regard to an issue. point of view(know all) narrative mode, the perspective of the narrative voice; the pronoun used in narration post hoc fallacy Post hoc ergo propter hoc, Latin for â€Å"after this, therefore because of this†, is a logical fallacy (of the questionable cause variety) that states â€Å"Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one. prose Prose is a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in traditional poetry). red herring Red herring is an English-language idiom, a logical fallacy that misleads or detracts from the issue. It is also a literary device that leads readers or characters towards a false conclusion, often used in mystery or detective fiction. repetition Repetition is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to provide emphasis. rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers that attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. rhetorical appeal Ethos, pathos, logos logos Originally a word meaning â€Å"a ground†, â€Å"a plea†, â€Å"an opinion†, â€Å"an expectation†, â€Å"word,† â€Å"speech,† â€Å"account,† â€Å"reason, ethos Cultures guiding ideals pathos Appealing to the audience’s emotions rhetorical features his may involve the use of elaborate words or phrases that create a particular set of sounds. Perhaps puns, double meanings,alliteration, assonance or unusual grammatical forms may be used. rhetorical modes describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. compare/ contrast Evaluate differences and similarities definition Expressing the nature of something cause/effect Cause is why something happens and effect is what happens division/ classification Organize into category example/illustration or type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea. exposition type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea. process analysis A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something. argumentation/persuasive Social influence description a statement, picture in words, or account that describes; descriptive representation. rhetorical question A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point. rhetorical situation The Rhetorical Situation is the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. sarcasm harsh or bitter derision or irony. satire a literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up toscorn, derision, or ridicule. simile a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared sentence structures Grammatical arrangement of words in sentences simple Easy to understand compound combinations of two or more elements complex In general usage, complexity tends to be used to characterize something with many parts in intricate arrangement. inverted word order style variation in language use to which social meanings are attributed stylistic devices In literature and writing, a stylistic device is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literal or written. syllogism a piece of deductive reasoning from the general to the particular symbol/ symbolism something used for or regarded as representing something else; a material object representingsomething, often something immaterial; emblem, token, or sign. synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for thegeneral or the general for the special syntax the study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language. theme the unifying subject or idea of a story thesis Central argument tone a literary technique which encompasses the attitudes toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work that is compatible with the other drive transition general aspects of writing style that signal changes in a story understatement Understatement is a form of speech which contains an expression of less strength than what would be expected. litotes In rhetoric, litotes (or) is a figure of speech in which understatement is employed for rhetorical effect, principally via double negatives. meiosis reproduction wit Wit is a form of intelligent humour, the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny.